Updated July 1 at 11:0 am:
TTC’s need for a replacement Line 2 fleet has been known for many years. The “T1” cars were delivered between 1995 and 2001, and they will hit their 30-year design life through the latter 2020s. These cars are often talked of as if they will all be over the hill in 2026, but there actual range runs out to 2031. The important issue is to start deliveries of new cars so that the oldest and least reliable can be retired before they affect service.
Some of the T1s were originally used on Line 4 Sheppard, but they were displaced with the shift to Automatic Train Control on Line 1 Yonge-University-Spadina. Sheppard trains run on ATC to reach Davisville Carhouse even though Line 4 itself is manually operated. This change added to the surplus T1 fleet.
When the Scarborough Subway Extension was expected to open in 2026, the extra cars would have provided initial service there, but this is no longer possible because they will age out of use before the line opens.
In the 2018 Capital Budget, presented in the last months of Andy Byford’s tenure as CEO, there are three related items:
The new subway MSF would be on property southwest of Kipling Station, the former CPR Obico Yard, and this has been purchased by the City. At the time, the Relief Line trains were expected to use Greenwood Yard and displace part of the Line 2 fleet, hence the need for a second yard. Moreover, if the new trains were in six-car units like the TRs on Line 1, Greenwood Shops would not be suitable as it was designed for two-car sets.
The clear intent was complete replacement of the T1 fleet starting with design and prototypes, then production deliveries roughly in line with the projected T1 retirement dates.
Updated July 1 at 11:00am: This section has been revised in light of the November 2023 report which used a much higher unit cost/train for the T1 replacements than all previous estimates. If there is an “ooops”, it lies in the use of a lower cost estimate for new trains for an extended period with a very recent jump that increased the unfunded portion of the project. The original estimate would now only cover the cost of replacement trains for Line 2 at its pre-pandemic level of service, but not any expansion/extension trains.
For many years, the plan for new trains required 62 trains (372 cars), a one-for-one replacement of the T1s, to re-equip Line 2 Bloor-Danforth and 18 trains to provide extra trains for service improvements on Line 1. Of the 62 trains on Line 2, 55 would provide the existing Kennedy-Kipling service, and 7 were headed for the Scarborough extension. In the most recent iteration, there are 55 trains for Line 2. The 7 SSE trains are combined with the 18 Line 1 trains to give 25 trains for unspecified future needs.
The full history is tracked later in the article.
Between the 2023 and 2024 budgets the project went from 80 trains for $2.487 billion in 2023 to 55 trains for $2.4-2.5 billion in 2024. Materials produced in support of the purchase and of lobbying efforts to gain federal funding are quite clear that only 55 trains are involved, not 80. This effectively raises the price per train by 50 per cent.
The following text is no longer appropriate, but has been left as a matter of record. Apologies for the error.
Conversely, if the real intent is to buy 80 trains, then pitching the needed subsidy as being only for the Line 2 trains misrepresents what is really happening. This would be an order both for the Bloor-Danforth line’s state of good repair and for accommodation of future extensions and growth.
The TTC has yet to produce updated demand projections for its subway system in a post-covid environment, and it is unclear how many trains will be required to address demand growth and expansion.
Meanwhile, a call for one third federal funding for a 55 train project at $758 million misrepresents the scope and purpose of the new trains. The scope of the planned TTC order is shown below, but with all of the cost allocated against Line 2.
However, elsewhere the plan describes the purpose of this investment as:
Purchase of new subway trains to replace the aging T1 trains, meet ATC requirements and align the fleet with ridership growth forecasts [p. 44 of the 2024 15-Year Capital Plan].
There is a fundamental discrepancy between the claimed need for and funding of new trains between 2023 and 2024 budgets. If the pricing for an 80-train order in years 2023 and before is correct, then the available City and Provincial funding would pay for the 55 Line 2 trains.
The 15-Year Capital Plan landed with a thud when it was introduced as part of the 2019 budget. Unlike previous versions of capital plans, it included everything the TTC thought was necessary whether money was available to fund it or not. The price tag was a big shock, over three times the size of the conventional capital plan. This has since grown to four times as the appetite for capital projects goes up, but funding does not.
Transit priority decisions were a very expensive shell game involving the timing and cost of transit projects. Until Premier Ford uploaded four major expansion schemes (Ontario Line, formerly the Relief Line, Eglinton Crosstown, Scarborough and Yonge North) in 2020, there simply was not enough money on the table to pay the City’s share for everything. Also competing for funding were SmartTrack stations, Eglinton East LRT and Waterfront East LRT, not to mention additional streetcars for service expansion, and bus replacements and migration to an all-electric fleet.
The 2019 plan shifted the purchase of new subway cars to post-2028. In its place was a 10-year life extension program for the T1 fleet stretching it out into the 2030s. The scope of the Line 2 ATC project was also adjusted because the T1 fleet cannot be modified to run with ATC signalling.
This achieved a reduction in capital requirements in the short term, but gambled on the viability of the T1s and the old block signal system on Line 2 surviving reliably into the late 2030s. This scheme was short-lived, but it served a purpose of reducing the TTC’s apparent capital requirements to make room for other projects, notably John Tory’s SmartTrack.
Both the provincial and federal government made commitments to some projects based on political considerations and the then-stated priorities of Toronto Council. One casualty of the proposal to defer new trains for ten years was funding for that project. For a time, it went from a “must have” to a future need.
By 2020, the plan included a proposal to buy replacement trains in the 2026-2030 time frame depending on funding, and deleted the life extension program for the T1s.
Ontario signed on for its share of a new fleet. Add-on orders will furnish trains for the Scarborough and Yonge North extensions that will cost less than they would as small, free-standing buys.
Replacement of the Line 2 fleet cannot proceed as a single project. The signal system dates from the 1960s and uses old technology. This presents both a maintenance and reliability challenge for the TTC and limits the frequency of service to what is possible with conventional block signals. That design holds trains further apart than an automatic train control system using “moving” blocks that can allow trains to pull closer together based on their speed and fine-grained location of their positions. Although new trains can be manually operated with old signals (as occurred on Line 1 during its transition to ATC), new signals require new trains.
By 2021, the new yard at Kipling had been pushed beyond the capital plan’s 10-year horizon. The Relief Line would have used TTC subway cars, but was replaced by the Ontario Line. Metrolinx claimed, falsely, that the OL would use newer up-to-date technology than the TTC would have provided. (This was a case of contrasting a brand new line with the oldest of TTC subway vehicles, signalling and operations.)
Originally the pressure for the Kipling yard came from using part of Greenwood Yard for the Downtown Relief Line, but the Ontario Line has its own Maintenance and Storage Facility at Thorncliffe Park. Trains for the Scarborough extension can be fitted within existing yards and spare tracks, but any service increase beyond pre-covid levels will trigger the need for a western yard. (A separate northern yard is under study as part of the Line 1 extension to Richmond Hill.)
Greenwood Shops, like the B-D line, is 60 years old and in need of overhaul and upgrades. Part of the original plan for a Kipling facility was to free up space for this work at Greenwood by reducing demand on the yard and shop space. However, with the deferral of Kipling, the Greenwood upgrades will occur while the yard is stuffed with the existing fleet and working through the transition to new trains. This saves money on a new yard at the expense of operational complexity and probably a longer period for upgrades than would otherwise be needed.
The federal government has not yet committed funds to the T1 replacement project. Their current proposal involves a permanent transit fund available country-wide beginning in 2026. Whether the Trudeau government will still be in office to make any payments from such a fund is in some doubt.
Transit systems, not just Toronto’s, would like to pre-book payments from this fund so that they will be sure of the case flow in a few years and can launch major projects such as the T1 replacement now. The feds have been silent on that request although the TTC claims that discussions are underway.
The Federal Permanent Transit Fund (PTF) is set to provide new funding in 2026. Early commitments of funding under the Permanent Transit Fund (PTF) are needed this year, by opening up the intake process for critical in flight projects such as new subway trains. This is a request being made by all major transit agencies1 (STM, TransLink), and the Canadian Urban Transit Association2. Even if federal funding does not flow before 2026, having a firm approval of funding to be allocated from the PTF program will allow the TTC to launch the procurement. [Backgrounder, p. 2]
Even assuming that the fund will exist when it is needed, booking projects against it has a downside in that money earmarked for the subway cars will not be available for other projects. There is also a basic problem that the fund is thought to be too small, but that is a separate matter depending on government priorities well beyond the next election.
Local priorities can have their own effect in misdirecting spending. The SmartTrack Stations program will build five additional GO stations (East Harbour, Liberty Village, Bloor-Lansdowne, St. Clair-Old Weston and Finch-Kennedy) at a total cost of $1.689 billion of which $585 million comes from the Federal government and $878 million from the City. This arrangement came into effect in April 2018, the period when the TTC downplayed the importance of new trains thereby making room for John Tory’s signature project. A few years later, priorities changed again, but the federal money was already committed to SmartTrack.
Toronto is using scarce transit funds, regardless of their source, paying over $300 million per station for what should be a GO Transit project.
Shifting priorities have delayed other projects and/or changed their scope, and federal money that might have been scooped if projects actually were underway sat on the table. Some of this is now rolled into the overall transit fund, and it will be up to Toronto to actually launch projects to use whatever has been allocated. Toronto will have to actually decide what it can afford within available funding rather than assuming other governments will always shell out, and that they will keep funding “commitments” alive while Council dithers about whose ward gets the next transit project.
The replacement of the T1 fleet is a high priority for the City and TTC. Two documents in the Board’s June 2024 agenda covered this in some detail:
There is a major change between past year budget presentations on the subject of new trains and information in these reports.
Updated July 1 at 11:00am: This change was first reported in November 2023 when the estimated cost of new trains was substantially higher than in all previous reports:
The table below summarizes the information.
Updated July 1 at 11:00am: Estimated cost of 62 T1 replacement trains in 2016 added. Updated pricing from November 2023 added.
| ($ billion) | T1 Replacement Trains | Line 1 Growth Trains | T1 Life Extension | New Trains (Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | $1.737 (62) | |||
| 2019 | $0.068 (*) | $0.430 | $0.720 | |
| 2020 | $2.270 (62) (**) | $0.500 (18) | $0.710 | |
| 2021 | $1.742 (62) | $0.501 (18) | $2.243B (80) | |
| 2022 | $1.600 (62) | $0.720 (18) | $2.320 (80) | |
| 2023 | $1.718 (62) | $0.769 (18) | $2.487 (80) | |
| 2023 (Nov) | $2.222 (55) | $1.010 (25) | $3.232 (80) | |
| 2024 | $2.4-2.5B (55) |
Notes:
Two things have happened:
In fact about one third of the train order would be used for Line 1 growth, but the total dollar value is erroneously claimed to be only for the Line 2 trains. This is a deeply misleading presentation.
The remainder of this article looks at the history of the T1 fleet and the shifting plans for its replacement including the budget and fleet plans for Lines 1 and 2. For an extensive discussion of subway fleet history, see Transit Toronto’s site.
The T1 fleet of 370 cars (originally 372, 62 6-car trains, two cars lost to a collision) was acquired beginning in 1995 when the subway consisted of Yonge-University-Spadina running from Finch to Wilson, and Bloor-Danforth. These replaced cars dating to the opening of what is now called Line 2, the Bloor-Danforth Subway, in the mid-60s.
The TTC also owned 138 H5 and 126 H6 cars (44 trains) used on the Lines 1 and 2 respectively. Peak service on the two lines was 82 trains.
From 2009 onward, the TR fleet which now serves Lines 1 and 4 was delivered. The TR trains can operate with ATC, but older equipment cannot. The total fleet in mid-2012 was 126 trains, but retirement of the H6s was already in progress due to their unreliability. Eventually, all of the H-series trains were replaced leaving only the TRs and the older T1s.
(Line 4 Sheppard has a dedicated fleet of six 4-car TR trains and does not figure in these discussions.)
As of 2016, peak service was 45 trains on Line 2 BD and 54 on Line 1 YUS for a total of 99 peak. The fleet of 134 trains (with 4 TR sets still to be delivered) left a considerable margin for spares and future expansion. Line 1 was not yet extended past Downsview, now Sheppard West Station. TTC fleet planning routinely used values from 15% to 20% for maintenance spares so that a 99 train scheduled service would require a fleet of 115 to 120 trains.
TTC originally expected that some T1s would stay on Line 1 YUS and Line 4 Sheppard, but this was not possible after the switch to ATC. This produced an excess of T1s, but they were earmarked for the Scarborough extension. At the time, the SSE would have opened while the T1s were still within their design life, and conventional block signals would be used pending future ATC conversion.
In 2019, the peak service was 65 trains on Line 1 YUS and 46 on Line 2 BD for a total of 111 out of an available fleet of 138 trains.
With the pandemic in 2020 and beyond, subway service was considerably reduced. As of June 2024, the peak service is 55 trains on Line 1 and 40 trains on Line 2. Some improvement is expected in Fall 2024, but the details have not been announced. This reduction plus the surplus of T1s gives the TTC headroom to absorb any reliability problems with the aging trains.
2014:
2015:
2016:
Updated July 1 at 11am: This section has been corrected. I had conflated the TR purchase which was already underway to renew an older fleet with the future need for T1 replacements.
2017:
The fleet proposals were essentially the same in 2017 as in 2016 including the use of Greenwood for the DRL.
December 2017: Andy Byford leaves the TTC, and Rick Leary becomes acting CEO.
2018:
Although the 2018 budget was presented with Leary as acting CEO, it was a product of the Byford era. The fleet plan remained the same, and flagged that the T1 replacements should commence in 2026. The project was not funded.
July 2018: Rick Leary becomes CEO.
At some point in 2018, plans for a new fleet changed with a T1 Life Extension Program (LEP) that deferred the T1 replacement to 2035. This decision appears to have been taken by management, and there is no Board report seeking approval for such a fundamental change in capital plans. The new scheme simply arrives in 2019 plans as a fait accompli.
2018 was also an election year and there were no Board meetings after July until the end of the year.
2019:
The first 15-year capital plan landed, and it incorporated the T1 LEP. The eventual need for 372 cars (62 trains) was still on the books with an assumption of full replacement of the T1s, eventually. However, even with the LEP the TTC would not be able to operate full service beyond Kennedy Station. A 7-train procurement was foreseen for Scarborough in 2026, but it is not clear what order this would be part of. Additional trains for Line 1 service expansion were also planned.
The Kipling MSF was still on the books due to capacity problems at Greenwood from the DRL.
In April 2019, Ontario announced its “big four” projects and took over what would then be called the “Ontario Line”.
2020:
In 2020 there was a shift in TTC planning. The budget as presented in December 2019 did not include a new car purchase, but it also noted that even the LEP was not fully funded. The Kipling MSF was still in the plan, but also unfunded.
In January 2020, the plans changed with a report TTC 2020-2029 Key Capital Investments. This proposed:
The shift back to new trains was described in the report as the preferred option:
Procuring new vehicles is always the preferred option when sufficient funding is available for investments in both safety critical infrastructure, vehicles, and related systems. The T1 LEO was proposed prior to announcement of the City of Toronto’s increase to the City Building Fund as there was, at that time, no ability for the City to commit its share towards procurements of new vehicles (across any of the modes). [p. 14]
In October 2020, the Fleet Procurement Strategy reiterated that buying new trains was more cost effective than the Life Extension Program which only deferred but did not eliminate spending for new trains and signals. Moreover, Metrolinx add-on trains could be included for Yonge North and Scarborough which were now Provincial projects.
The same 80 trains we saw in earlier plans appear in this document with 18 earmarked for growth on Line 1, and 62 for replacement of the T1 fleet on Line 2. Metrolinx would piggyback on this order. This plan effectively restored the schedule of 2 prototype trains in 2024 with the remainder to follow in 2026-2030.
Note that although Ontario took over the Scarborough extension in 2019, the TTC/City plans and budget still assumed complete replacement of 62 T1 trains including the 7 that were intended for Scarborough. This was not changed until the 2024 budget.
2021:
The 2021 budget includes the 372 car order noting that the City Building Fund will provide the municipal share. The estimated cost is $1.742 billion.
Plans for a new Kipling yard and MSF were shifted beyond 2030.
Funding for a T1 overhaul is included, but only for the cars to reach the point where they are replaced by expected new trains.
2022:
The 15-Year Capital Investment Plan includes:
2023:
In early 2023, a funding commitment is required to procure 80 new subway trains to replace the nearly 30-year T1 trains operating on Line 2, which are approaching the end of design life, and provide additional capacity to accommodate forecasted ridership growth on Line 1 ($2.5 billion total, requiring $1.7 billion from provincial and federal partners). [15 Yr Plan 2023 Version p. 27]
November 2023 (Added July 1 at 11:00am):
In November 2023, a report on new subway train procurement used a much higher cost per train than had appeared in earlier documents including the 2023 version of the 15-Year capital plan (above).
2024:
As noted earlier, the 2024 plan describes the proposed Federal contribution as being for 55, not 80, trains. The total dollar value at $2.4-2.5 billion does not align with a 55-train order. This is stated quite clearly in the text where the Federal $758 million is clearly shown as being only for those cars. This is a change from previous proposals where the money was intended as one third of an 80-train order.
Most recently, the Provincial government has committed to funding $758 million as its one-third share of the cost of procuring 55 replacement subway trains for Line 2, conditional on matching funds from all three orders of government as part of the terms in the Ontario -Toronto New Funding Agreement. This could translate into a further $1.516 billion investment in the TTC’s subway fleet needs, should matching funding from the Federal government be confirmed. [2024 15 Year Plan at p. 2]
The 2024 budget and New Trains Backgrounder cite a requirement for 55 trains for Line 2, down from 62 in previous years. This is the pre-covid Line 2 scheduled peak of 46 trains plus 9 trains (20%) as spares. Trains for the Scarborough and Yonge North Extensions are now part of Metrolinx’ budget, although it is unclear whether Metrolinx plans to buy enough trains to provide full service to Sheppard/McCowan, or if they intend a turnback of half the service at Kennedy.
Whereas previous budgets showed the cost of Line 2 replacement and Line 1 growth trains separately, they are now combined as a single item at $2.3 billion.
The November 2023 New Subway Train report includes projections showing very large growth on Line 1 to 2041 at 55% with only 18% growth on Line 2 in the same period. An important caveat here is that total ridership is not necessarily the same as peak point demand, and the large increase on Line 1 comes in part from travel that is not bound to the core area.
With the changing demand patterns post-pandemic, the TTC’s projections of ridership growth and fleet requirements are no longer valid, at least on the pre-pandemic timelines. A report updating the projections, and by implication the operating and capital budget implications, is expected later in 2024.
