A recent study led by researchers at the American Cancer Society has found that 4 in 10 cancer cases and about half of all cancer deaths in adults aged 30 and older in the United States (or 713,340 cancer cases and 262,120 cancer deaths in 2019) may be attributed to modifiable risk factors, including cigarette smoking, excess body weight, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, diet, and infections. Cigarette smoking was by far the leading risk factor, contributing to nearly 20% of all cancer cases and 30% of all cancer deaths. The findings were published by Farhad Islami, MD, PhD, and colleagues in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.
Farhad Islami, MD, PhD
“Despite considerable declines in smoking prevalence during the past few decades, the number of lung cancer deaths attributable to cigarette smoking in the United States is alarming. This finding underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive tobacco control policies in each state to promote smoking cessation, as well as heightened efforts to increase screening for early detection of lung cancer, when treatment could be more effective,” said Dr. Islami, Senior Scientific Director, Cancer Disparity Research at the American Cancer Society. “Interventions to help maintain healthy body weight and diet can also substantially reduce the number of cancer cases and deaths in the country, especially given the increasing incidence of several cancer types associated with excess body weight, particularly in younger individuals.”
Study Details
In this study, researchers used nationally representative data on cancer incidence and mortality and risk factor prevalence to estimate the proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors overall (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and for 30 cancer types. These risk factors included cigarette smoking (current and former smoking); secondhand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol consumption; consumption of red and processed meat; low consumption of fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet (UV) radiation; and infection with Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human herpes virus-8 (also called Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus), human immunodeficiency virus, and human papillomavirus (HPV).
Key Results
The results showed cigarette smoking had the largest population attributable fraction, or proportion of cancer cases attributable to risk factors in the population (344,070 cases; 19.3% of all cases), contributing to 56.0% of all potentially preventable cancers in men (206,550 of 368,600) and 39.9% in women (137,520 of 344,740). Excess body weight had the second-largest population attributable fraction (7.6%), followed by alcohol consumption (5.4%), UV radiation exposure (4.6%), and physical inactivity (3.1%).
By cancer type, the proportion of cases caused by potentially modifiable risk factors ranged from 100% for cervical cancer and Kaposi sarcoma to 4.9% for ovarian cancer, and it exceeded 50% for 19 of 30 evaluated cancer types. In addition to cervical cancer and Kaposi sarcoma, more than 80% of all cutaneous melanomas (92.2%) and cancers of the anus (94.2%), larynx (89.9%), lungs and bronchi (88.2%), pharynx (87.4%), trachea (85.6%), esophagus (85.4%), and oral cavity (83.7%) were attributable to evaluated risk factors. Lung cancer had the largest number of cases attributable to evaluated risk factors in both men (104,410 cases) and women (97,250), followed by cutaneous melanoma (50,570), colorectal cancer (44,310), and urinary bladder cancer (32,000) in men as well as breast (83,840), corpus uteri (35,790), and colorectal cancers (34,130) in women.
Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD
“These findings show there is a continued need to increase equitable access to preventive health care and awareness about preventive measures. Effective vaccines are available for the hepatitis B virus, that causes liver cancer, and HPV, which can cause several cancer types, including cervical, other anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers,” added senior study author Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD, Senior Vice President, Surveillance and Health Equity Science at the American Cancer Society. “Vaccination at the recommended time can substantially reduce the risk of chronic infection, and consequently, cancers associated with these viruses. HPV vaccination uptake in the United State is suboptimal.”
Disclosure: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
