Yukon Premier Ranj Pillai says investing in Arctic infrastructure will benefit northerners, but some of those proposed investments will come at a cost to the Arctic’s marine mammals.

Premiers are calling for Ottawa to use its defence budget to build Arctic infrastructure, including strengthening Canada’s military presence to protect  Arctic sovereignty. This could involve building a deep sea port in the western Arctic to serve as launching point for military submarines in the Beaufort Sea.

“It’s about just ensuring that we have the infrastructure in place every day that improves the lives of everyday northerners,” Pillai said.

“Whether that’s deep water ports in the Arctic, whether that is grid connections between the territories and provinces, or it means really significant infrastructure into energy projects and telecommunications and roads and airports.”

But Whitehorse-based conservation scientist William Halliday is concerned that adding ports and military vessels will harm Arctic marine mammals, like bowhead and beluga whales, narwhals and various species of seal.

Halliday is the Arctic acoustics program lead with Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Canada. He and his team use underwater acoustic recorders to monitor the Northwest Passage and determine the impacts of vessel traffic on marine mammals.

“If a port developed and there were 20 more big ships coming through the area in the summer time… that would be roughly a tripling of the number of big ships coming through the area,” said Halliday. “And the big ships are the loud ones and the ones that are likely to have the biggest impact.”

Ships can be harmful to marine mammals for many reasons. Slow moving whales, like bowheads, can be struck and killed by large ships. And noise from vessels can interrupt their communication and even cause them to alter their behaviour.

More ships, more noise

Steve Insley, another conservation scientist and the Arctic Canada program director with WCS Canada says noise pollution is particularly harmful underwater.

“It’s a lot worse underwater because the sound travels a lot better. And animals like the marine mammals underwater use that sound to communicate,” Insley said. “So it covers up their communication and it can also cover up their ability to hear danger, like predators, for example.”

The behavioural changes caused by vessel noise can have a negative effect on the species and the communities that rely on them for subsistence, said Halliday. He has worked with many northern communities along in the western Arctic who rely on marine mammals for food.

“Some species of Arctic marine mammals like beluga and narwhal have been shown to be very sensitive to underwater noise, reacting at distances of 50 kilometres away or more, leaving areas entirely, stopping foraging, and stopping focal vocalizations,” Halliday said.

Conservation scientist and Arctic acoustics program lead with the Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, William Halliday, doing acoustic monitoring work in the western Arctic. He and his team study the impacts of vessel traffic and noise on Arctic marine mammals. (Maya Chartier/WCS Canada)

Government should consult with communities

According to a recent report from the Arctic Policy and Security Observatory at Université du Québec à Montréal, ship traffic in the Canadian Arctic increased in 2024.

However, there are numerous ways to mitigate the impacts of large ships, and many northern communities are already doing this work, says Halliday.

The N.W.T. communities, Tuktoyaktuk, Inuvik and Aklavik, co-manage the Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Area in the Mackenzie River Estuary that was established to protect beluga whales.

Paulatuk is also involved in managing the Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area in Darnley Bay, N.W.T. that protects many species including Arctic char, cod, beluga whales, ringed and bearded seals, polar bears and various sea birds.

The entire Inuvialuit Settlement Region also has a voluntary shipping management measure in place that asks ships to avoid Marine Protected Areas and travel slowly when passing the entire region.

Halliday and his team track how ships are adhering to these measures. He says that although ships tend to avoid the Marine Protected Areas, most do not comply with the voluntary slowdown.

He says the government can do better when it comes to consulting communities and should work with them to support the mitigation measures they have in place.

“These communities haven’t been, as far as I can tell, consulted about this and their views haven’t been able to be brought forward,” Halliday said. “And so the government just generally needs to do better on that.”